Today organizational knowledge management and its processes are accepted as essential and prospective strategy for achieving competence privilege, persevering survival and improving individual and organizational performance and generally known as turning to a learner organization in dynamic and extremely changeable environments. Organizations in order to achieve its privileges try to put knowledge management in practice and in this matter they face challenges and requirements. The aim of this essay which is done by reviewing method is recognizing and explaining these requirements and challenges.In order to reach this aim considering available sources about this matter, at first after explaining knowledge, knowledge management and it' s processes, the importance of knowledge will be introduced as competitive privilege and in continue requirements which an organization needs to pay attention for utilizing knowledge management will be pointed out. In the end Challenges that an organization faces in actualizing knowledge management will be recognized and explained.The results of this research remarks that developing an effective definition of knowledge, considering tacit knowledge and utilizing IT, adapting with cultural complexes, paying attention to human resources, creating new organizational structures and getting along with additive competition are the most important challenges against modern organizations.

Subsea structures such as manifolds, line pipes and flow lines are important investments. Also because of the sensitivity of environmental issues, corrosion of these structures is of vital importance. Subsea corrosion management is different from on-shore and shallow water off-shore corrosion management in mainly three factors: materials, corrosion management practice and cathodic protection. There are important limitations in many aspects of these three factors that make them different from their “counterparts” in other industries.In this paper, some of these differences especially with regards to corrosion prediction softwares and associated design strategies are addressed and discussed.

Theory building in management is recognized as one of the primary tools for understanding and predicting managerial phenomena. This article, by examining the importance of theories and the challenges associated with theory building, provides a framework for theoretical contributions in the field of management. In this article, five levels of theoretical contribution, including reporters, testers, moderators, builders, and expanders, are examined. Additionally, eight levers of theory building, including research question, theory-building method, level of analysis, phenomenon under study, causal mechanisms, constructs and variables, boundary conditions, and outputs, are introduced. This article demonstrates how changes in each of these levers can contribute to the creation of new theoretical contributions. Finally, this article recommends that students and management researchers, instead of focusing solely on existing theories, seek to discover new phenomena and provide innovative explanations.

Deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is the most aggressive of the three phenotypes that constitute endometriosis. It can affect the whole pelvis, subverting the anatomy and functionality of vital organs, with an important negative impact on the patient’ s quality of life. The diagnosis of DIE is based on clinical and physical examination, instrumental examination, and, if surgery is needed, the identification and biopsy of lesions. The choice of the best therapeutic approach for women with DIE is often challenging. Therapeutic options include medical and surgical treatment, and the decision should be dictated by the patient’ s medical history, disease stage, symptom severity, and personal choice. Medical therapy can control the symptoms and stop the development of pathology, keeping in mind the side effects derived from a long-term treatment and the risk of recurrence once suspended. Surgical treatment should be proposed only when it is strictly necessary (failed hormone therapy, contraindications to hormone treatment, severity of symptoms, infertility), preferring, whenever possible, a conservative approach performed by a multidisciplinary team. All therapeutic possibilities have to be explained by the physicians in order to help the patients to make the right choice and minimize the impact of the disease on their lives.